Michał Kiciński / GOG holding

individual owner and private holding structure

Michał Kiciński / GOG holding

Industry Entertainment

A founder-owner control structure for GOG after Michał Kiciński acquired the DRM-free game storefront from CD PROJEKT. The ownership is mission-aligned compared with ordinary platform consolidation, but it still depends on one living owner rather than durable democratic control.

Why this matters: GOG can be better than platform peers in practice while still carrying owner-dependence risk.

Letter grade D Extractive High confidence (AI) Rubric gcd-rubric-v1

Final Score 26* D - Extractive

* Tentative scaffolding score. Not human-checked or final.

Base Material31
Bonus+1
Cap49Small-business calibration cap: low formal ownership/governance can reach B when person-scale evidence supports the ordinary axes
After Cap32
Penalties-6
b
Small business context

This entry is classified as a small business using observable scale signals: independent control, local or limited operations, and no evidence of public-company or national-chain scale. The small-business calibration keeps the ordinary rubric but reads evidence at person scale: living-wage pricing is not extraction by itself, while worker and contractor treatment, owner surplus, transparency, advertising pressure, dissent tolerance, and recourse matter more. Harm, toxicity, surveillance, labor, coercion, opacity, and hidden-parent penalties are not relaxed.

Applied cap: Small-business calibration cap: low formal ownership/governance can reach B when person-scale evidence supports the ordinary axes

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Evaluation Overview

D - Extractive

The score turns mainly on Extraction, with the largest penalty coming from Reversibility.

Strengths

  • Extraction5/10
  • Product Integrity5/5
  • Loss-Bearing Fidelity4/7

Penalties

  • Reversibility-5
  • Identity Capture-1

Evidence state

  • ConfidenceHigh confidence (AI)
  • ThoroughnessDeveloped (AI)
  • Linked claims12
  • Direct axis claims12
  • Coverage12/12

Scoring Axes

Axis Score Why this score
Ownership
?
Control rights: shareholder-dominated at 0, worker cooperative control at 10.
2 / 10

Michał Kiciński / GOG holding is organized as the parent, owner, or controlling holding structure described in the linked public materials, not as a worker-, customer-, reader-, or public-governed institution.

Calibration notes

Comparative anchor: Parent and owner entities calibrated against listed subsidiaries, conglomerates, private-equity firms, public companies, and mission-locked alternatives.

Linked evidence
  • Michał Kiciński / GOG holding is organized as the parent, owner, or controlling holding structure described in the linked public materials, not as a worker-, customer-, reader-, or public-governed institution. [1]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public structure concentrates binding control in shareholders, family owners, funds, executives, or individual owners rather than the subsidiaries' workers, users, customers, or affected communities. [2]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding controls or benefits from subsidiary, portfolio, platform, media, retail, insurance, finance, or franchise economics at parent scale. [3]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public ownership model does not give ordinary workers across controlled subsidiaries binding democratic authority over parent strategy. [4]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's parent-level structure creates ordinary corporate, investment, platform, or franchise exposure to layoffs, restructuring, divestitures, or weak exit protections. [5]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public materials do not show a durable rule requiring parent owners or investors to absorb losses ahead of workers, customers, readers, users, or affected communities. [6]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's parent position gives it market, platform, brand, portfolio, distribution, data, or financing power over ordinary customers or subsidiary constituencies. [7]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's controlled businesses include products or services with real public or consumer utility, but that utility is filtered through parent-level control and monetization incentives. [8]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's scale makes parent-level decisions consequential for many people across subsidiaries, portfolio companies, customers, workers, or public institutions. [9]
Governance
?
Binding decision authority: centralized control at 0, democratic stakeholder control at 10.
2 / 10

Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public structure concentrates binding control in shareholders, family owners, funds, executives, or individual owners rather than the subsidiaries' workers, users, customers, or affected communities.

Calibration notes

Comparative anchor: Parent and owner entities calibrated against listed subsidiaries, conglomerates, private-equity firms, public companies, and mission-locked alternatives.

Linked evidence
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding is organized as the parent, owner, or controlling holding structure described in the linked public materials, not as a worker-, customer-, reader-, or public-governed institution. [1]
  • Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public structure concentrates binding control in shareholders, family owners, funds, executives, or individual owners rather than the subsidiaries' workers, users, customers, or affected communities. [2]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding controls or benefits from subsidiary, portfolio, platform, media, retail, insurance, finance, or franchise economics at parent scale. [3]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public ownership model does not give ordinary workers across controlled subsidiaries binding democratic authority over parent strategy. [4]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's parent-level structure creates ordinary corporate, investment, platform, or franchise exposure to layoffs, restructuring, divestitures, or weak exit protections. [5]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public materials do not show a durable rule requiring parent owners or investors to absorb losses ahead of workers, customers, readers, users, or affected communities. [6]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's parent position gives it market, platform, brand, portfolio, distribution, data, or financing power over ordinary customers or subsidiary constituencies. [7]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's controlled businesses include products or services with real public or consumer utility, but that utility is filtered through parent-level control and monetization incentives. [8]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's scale makes parent-level decisions consequential for many people across subsidiaries, portfolio companies, customers, workers, or public institutions. [9]
Extraction
?
Surplus allocation, wage share, CEO pay ratio, margins, and structured extraction judgment.
5 / 10

Michał Kiciński / GOG holding controls or benefits from subsidiary, portfolio, platform, media, retail, insurance, finance, or franchise economics at parent scale.

Calibration notes

Comparative anchor: Parent and owner entities calibrated against listed subsidiaries, conglomerates, private-equity firms, public companies, and mission-locked alternatives.

Linked evidence
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding is organized as the parent, owner, or controlling holding structure described in the linked public materials, not as a worker-, customer-, reader-, or public-governed institution. [1]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public structure concentrates binding control in shareholders, family owners, funds, executives, or individual owners rather than the subsidiaries' workers, users, customers, or affected communities. [2]
  • Michał Kiciński / GOG holding controls or benefits from subsidiary, portfolio, platform, media, retail, insurance, finance, or franchise economics at parent scale. [3]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public ownership model does not give ordinary workers across controlled subsidiaries binding democratic authority over parent strategy. [4]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's parent-level structure creates ordinary corporate, investment, platform, or franchise exposure to layoffs, restructuring, divestitures, or weak exit protections. [5]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public materials do not show a durable rule requiring parent owners or investors to absorb losses ahead of workers, customers, readers, users, or affected communities. [6]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's parent position gives it market, platform, brand, portfolio, distribution, data, or financing power over ordinary customers or subsidiary constituencies. [7]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's controlled businesses include products or services with real public or consumer utility, but that utility is filtered through parent-level control and monetization incentives. [8]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's scale makes parent-level decisions consequential for many people across subsidiaries, portfolio companies, customers, workers, or public institutions. [9]
Labor Sovereignty
?
Worker power: coercive conditions at 0, co-determination or ownership at 7. Employee dissatisfaction matters only when source-backed evidence shows concrete limits on worker agency, such as coercive scheduling, retaliation, wage theft, harassment, unsafe conditions, suppression of worker voice, or extreme turnover.
2 / 7

Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public ownership model does not give ordinary workers across controlled subsidiaries binding democratic authority over parent strategy.

Calibration notes

Comparative anchor: Parent and owner entities calibrated against listed subsidiaries, conglomerates, private-equity firms, public companies, and mission-locked alternatives.

Linked evidence
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding is organized as the parent, owner, or controlling holding structure described in the linked public materials, not as a worker-, customer-, reader-, or public-governed institution. [1]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public structure concentrates binding control in shareholders, family owners, funds, executives, or individual owners rather than the subsidiaries' workers, users, customers, or affected communities. [2]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding controls or benefits from subsidiary, portfolio, platform, media, retail, insurance, finance, or franchise economics at parent scale. [3]
  • Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public ownership model does not give ordinary workers across controlled subsidiaries binding democratic authority over parent strategy. [4]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's parent-level structure creates ordinary corporate, investment, platform, or franchise exposure to layoffs, restructuring, divestitures, or weak exit protections. [5]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public materials do not show a durable rule requiring parent owners or investors to absorb losses ahead of workers, customers, readers, users, or affected communities. [6]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's parent position gives it market, platform, brand, portfolio, distribution, data, or financing power over ordinary customers or subsidiary constituencies. [7]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's controlled businesses include products or services with real public or consumer utility, but that utility is filtered through parent-level control and monetization incentives. [8]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's scale makes parent-level decisions consequential for many people across subsidiaries, portfolio companies, customers, workers, or public institutions. [9]
Solidarity with the Unemployed
?
Treatment of exits and nonworkers, including severance, redeployment, and non-competes.
3 / 7

Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's parent-level structure creates ordinary corporate, investment, platform, or franchise exposure to layoffs, restructuring, divestitures, or weak exit protections.

Calibration notes

Comparative anchor: Parent and owner entities calibrated against listed subsidiaries, conglomerates, private-equity firms, public companies, and mission-locked alternatives.

Linked evidence
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding is organized as the parent, owner, or controlling holding structure described in the linked public materials, not as a worker-, customer-, reader-, or public-governed institution. [1]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public structure concentrates binding control in shareholders, family owners, funds, executives, or individual owners rather than the subsidiaries' workers, users, customers, or affected communities. [2]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding controls or benefits from subsidiary, portfolio, platform, media, retail, insurance, finance, or franchise economics at parent scale. [3]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public ownership model does not give ordinary workers across controlled subsidiaries binding democratic authority over parent strategy. [4]
  • Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's parent-level structure creates ordinary corporate, investment, platform, or franchise exposure to layoffs, restructuring, divestitures, or weak exit protections. [5]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public materials do not show a durable rule requiring parent owners or investors to absorb losses ahead of workers, customers, readers, users, or affected communities. [6]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's parent position gives it market, platform, brand, portfolio, distribution, data, or financing power over ordinary customers or subsidiary constituencies. [7]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's controlled businesses include products or services with real public or consumer utility, but that utility is filtered through parent-level control and monetization incentives. [8]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's scale makes parent-level decisions consequential for many people across subsidiaries, portfolio companies, customers, workers, or public institutions. [9]
Loss-Bearing Fidelity
?
Willingness to absorb costs to preserve values, workers, users, and public obligations.
4 / 7

Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's linked public materials do not show a durable rule requiring parent owners or investors to absorb losses ahead of workers, customers, readers, users, or affected communities.

Calibration notes

Comparative anchor: Parent and owner entities calibrated against listed subsidiaries, conglomerates, private-equity firms, public companies, and mission-locked alternatives.

Linked evidence
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding is organized as the parent, owner, or controlling holding structure described in the linked public materials, not as a worker-, customer-, reader-, or public-governed institution. [1]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public structure concentrates binding control in shareholders, family owners, funds, executives, or individual owners rather than the subsidiaries' workers, users, customers, or affected communities. [2]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding controls or benefits from subsidiary, portfolio, platform, media, retail, insurance, finance, or franchise economics at parent scale. [3]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public ownership model does not give ordinary workers across controlled subsidiaries binding democratic authority over parent strategy. [4]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's parent-level structure creates ordinary corporate, investment, platform, or franchise exposure to layoffs, restructuring, divestitures, or weak exit protections. [5]
  • Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public materials do not show a durable rule requiring parent owners or investors to absorb losses ahead of workers, customers, readers, users, or affected communities. [6]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's parent position gives it market, platform, brand, portfolio, distribution, data, or financing power over ordinary customers or subsidiary constituencies. [7]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's controlled businesses include products or services with real public or consumer utility, but that utility is filtered through parent-level control and monetization incentives. [8]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's scale makes parent-level decisions consequential for many people across subsidiaries, portfolio companies, customers, workers, or public institutions. [9]
Market Conduct
?
Pricing fairness, switching costs, lock-in, and rent extraction.
4 / 5

Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's parent position gives it market, platform, brand, portfolio, distribution, data, or financing power over ordinary customers or subsidiary constituencies.

Calibration notes

Comparative anchor: Parent and owner entities calibrated against listed subsidiaries, conglomerates, private-equity firms, public companies, and mission-locked alternatives.

Linked evidence
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding is organized as the parent, owner, or controlling holding structure described in the linked public materials, not as a worker-, customer-, reader-, or public-governed institution. [1]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public structure concentrates binding control in shareholders, family owners, funds, executives, or individual owners rather than the subsidiaries' workers, users, customers, or affected communities. [2]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding controls or benefits from subsidiary, portfolio, platform, media, retail, insurance, finance, or franchise economics at parent scale. [3]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public ownership model does not give ordinary workers across controlled subsidiaries binding democratic authority over parent strategy. [4]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's parent-level structure creates ordinary corporate, investment, platform, or franchise exposure to layoffs, restructuring, divestitures, or weak exit protections. [5]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public materials do not show a durable rule requiring parent owners or investors to absorb losses ahead of workers, customers, readers, users, or affected communities. [6]
  • Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's parent position gives it market, platform, brand, portfolio, distribution, data, or financing power over ordinary customers or subsidiary constituencies. [7]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's controlled businesses include products or services with real public or consumer utility, but that utility is filtered through parent-level control and monetization incentives. [8]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's scale makes parent-level decisions consequential for many people across subsidiaries, portfolio companies, customers, workers, or public institutions. [9]
Product Integrity
?
Preservation of quality rather than degradation for monetization.
5 / 5

Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's controlled businesses include products or services with real public or consumer utility, but that utility is filtered through parent-level control and monetization incentives.

Calibration notes

Comparative anchor: Parent and owner entities calibrated against listed subsidiaries, conglomerates, private-equity firms, public companies, and mission-locked alternatives.

Linked evidence
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding is organized as the parent, owner, or controlling holding structure described in the linked public materials, not as a worker-, customer-, reader-, or public-governed institution. [1]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public structure concentrates binding control in shareholders, family owners, funds, executives, or individual owners rather than the subsidiaries' workers, users, customers, or affected communities. [2]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding controls or benefits from subsidiary, portfolio, platform, media, retail, insurance, finance, or franchise economics at parent scale. [3]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public ownership model does not give ordinary workers across controlled subsidiaries binding democratic authority over parent strategy. [4]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's parent-level structure creates ordinary corporate, investment, platform, or franchise exposure to layoffs, restructuring, divestitures, or weak exit protections. [5]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public materials do not show a durable rule requiring parent owners or investors to absorb losses ahead of workers, customers, readers, users, or affected communities. [6]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's parent position gives it market, platform, brand, portfolio, distribution, data, or financing power over ordinary customers or subsidiary constituencies. [7]
  • Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's controlled businesses include products or services with real public or consumer utility, but that utility is filtered through parent-level control and monetization incentives. [8]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's scale makes parent-level decisions consequential for many people across subsidiaries, portfolio companies, customers, workers, or public institutions. [9]
Scale Integrity
?
Whether growth improves or degrades fairness and accountability.
4 / 5

Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's scale makes parent-level decisions consequential for many people across subsidiaries, portfolio companies, customers, workers, or public institutions.

Calibration notes

Comparative anchor: Parent and owner entities calibrated against listed subsidiaries, conglomerates, private-equity firms, public companies, and mission-locked alternatives.

Linked evidence
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding is organized as the parent, owner, or controlling holding structure described in the linked public materials, not as a worker-, customer-, reader-, or public-governed institution. [1]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public structure concentrates binding control in shareholders, family owners, funds, executives, or individual owners rather than the subsidiaries' workers, users, customers, or affected communities. [2]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding controls or benefits from subsidiary, portfolio, platform, media, retail, insurance, finance, or franchise economics at parent scale. [3]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public ownership model does not give ordinary workers across controlled subsidiaries binding democratic authority over parent strategy. [4]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's parent-level structure creates ordinary corporate, investment, platform, or franchise exposure to layoffs, restructuring, divestitures, or weak exit protections. [5]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public materials do not show a durable rule requiring parent owners or investors to absorb losses ahead of workers, customers, readers, users, or affected communities. [6]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's parent position gives it market, platform, brand, portfolio, distribution, data, or financing power over ordinary customers or subsidiary constituencies. [7]
  • context Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's controlled businesses include products or services with real public or consumer utility, but that utility is filtered through parent-level control and monetization incentives. [8]
  • Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's scale makes parent-level decisions consequential for many people across subsidiaries, portfolio companies, customers, workers, or public institutions. [9]

Penalties

Penalty Applied Why this penalty
Reversibility
?
Applied when positive conduct depends on current living leaders, founders, family owners, or other person-contingent governance rather than durable structure. Range: -5 to 0.
-5

Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public parent-level model makes Reversibility directly relevant through owner dependence, investor control, policy influence, data power, product externalities, identity pressure, opacity, or harmful subsidiary business lines.

Calibration notes

Comparative anchor: Parent and owner entities calibrated against listed subsidiaries, conglomerates, private-equity firms, public companies, and mission-locked alternatives.

Linked evidence
  • Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public parent-level model makes Reversibility directly relevant through owner dependence, investor control, policy influence, data power, product externalities, identity pressure, opacity, or harmful subsidiary business lines. [11]
Identity Capture
?
Customer pressure, employee pressure, and pervasive identity saturation. Range: -3 to 0.
-1

Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public parent-level model makes Identity Capture directly relevant through owner dependence, investor control, policy influence, data power, product…

Calibration notes

Comparative anchor: Parent and owner entities calibrated against listed subsidiaries, conglomerates, private-equity firms, public companies, and mission-locked alternatives.

Linked evidence
  • Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public parent-level model makes Identity Capture directly relevant through owner dependence, investor control, policy influence, data power, product externalities, identity pressure, opacity, or harmful subsidiary business lines. [12]

Bonus Credits

Bonus Credit Why this credit
Good Deal
?
Credit for unusually fair value: durable quality, fair pricing, low lock-in, and clear customer surplus.
1 / 3

Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public record shows a limited practice that can support Good Deal credit, but the parent structure does not convert that practice into democratic stakeholder control.

Calibration notes

Comparative anchor: Parent and owner entities calibrated against listed subsidiaries, conglomerates, private-equity firms, public companies, and mission-locked alternatives.

Linked evidence
  • Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public record describes the parent-control structure for GOG and related CD PROJEKT ownership rather than a broad democratic stakeholder-control arrangement. [10]

Confidence Basis

Confidence Basis

Confidence is computed from the evidence trail and review state, not typed into the profile by hand.

High 80/100

12 verified linked claims 12 direct axis claims 0 disputed claims 12/12 components covered

This confidence label measures the source-backed evidence trail. AI-scaffolded scores remain tentative until human review.

Claim confidence 17/20

12 verified linked claims

Source quality 10/18

Best source per verified claim, weighted by institutional reliability

Direct axis-specific claims 14/18

12 direct claims across 12 active components

Dispute load 12/12

0 disputed claims on this entity

Recency 10/10

Newest accepted timestamp: May 13, 2026

Reviewer status 7/12

Human-reviewed components score higher than AI scaffolding

Component coverage 10/10

12/12 evidence-bearing components have direct support

Evidence State

Evidence State

Profile stateAI draft / human-pending
VerificationUnverified
ConfidenceHigh confidence (AI)
ThoroughnessDeveloped (AI)
Correction routeUse “Challenge this rating” for factual errors, missing counterevidence, source problems, or calculation mistakes.
Company responseCompany representatives can submit source-backed corrections; payment never changes scores or reviewer authority.

Claims and Sources

Claims are the evidence record. Each claim needs a source link, axis category, status, confidence level, and timestamp before it can support a score.

* Tentative scaffolding score. Not human-checked or final.
1Michał Kiciński / GOG holding is organized as the parent, owner, or controlling holding structure described in the linked public materials, not as a worker-, customer-, reader-, or public-governed institution.

Ownership Verified High confidence Human-reviewed

2Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public structure concentrates binding control in shareholders, family owners, funds, executives, or individual owners rather than the subsidiaries' workers, users, customers, or affected communities.

Governance Verified High confidence Human-reviewed

3Michał Kiciński / GOG holding controls or benefits from subsidiary, portfolio, platform, media, retail, insurance, finance, or franchise economics at parent scale.

Extraction Verified High confidence Human-reviewed

4Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public ownership model does not give ordinary workers across controlled subsidiaries binding democratic authority over parent strategy.

Labor Sovereignty Verified High confidence Human-reviewed

5Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's parent-level structure creates ordinary corporate, investment, platform, or franchise exposure to layoffs, restructuring, divestitures, or weak exit protections.

Solidarity Unemployed Verified Medium confidence Human-reviewed

6Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public materials do not show a durable rule requiring parent owners or investors to absorb losses ahead of workers, customers, readers, users, or affected communities.

Loss Bearing Fidelity Verified Medium confidence Human-reviewed

7Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's parent position gives it market, platform, brand, portfolio, distribution, data, or financing power over ordinary customers or subsidiary constituencies.

Market Conduct Verified High confidence Human-reviewed

8Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's controlled businesses include products or services with real public or consumer utility, but that utility is filtered through parent-level control and monetization incentives.

Product Integrity Verified High confidence Human-reviewed

9Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's scale makes parent-level decisions consequential for many people across subsidiaries, portfolio companies, customers, workers, or public institutions.

Scale Integrity Verified High confidence Human-reviewed

10Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public record describes the parent-control structure for GOG and related CD PROJEKT ownership rather than a broad democratic stakeholder-control arrangement.

Good Deal Verified Medium confidence Human-reviewed

11Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public parent-level model makes Reversibility directly relevant through owner dependence, investor control, policy influence, data power, product externalities, identity pressure, opacity, or harmful subsidiary business lines.

Reversibility Verified Medium confidence Human-reviewed

12Michał Kiciński / GOG holding's public parent-level model makes Identity Capture directly relevant through owner dependence, investor control, policy influence, data power, product externalities, identity pressure, opacity, or harmful subsidiary business lines.

Identity Capture Verified Medium confidence Human-reviewed

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